Piaget's Four Stages of Development

Piaget theorised four stages of development in the thought processes - discuss each briefly.

A model of a positive punisher is given.

To reduce a clients cigarette smoking the client is exposed to several treatment sessions in which cig smoke is blown in the face soon after he begins to smoke and continually until he stops. Eventually the client feels nauseous whenever he thinks about smoking. In this situation, the cigarette smoke has acted as: a) a CS b) a US c) a positive punisher d) a negative punisher This question is posed.

An example of response cost is noted.

When someone is caught driving over the speed limit, he or she must pay a fine. This method of reducing the incidence of speeding most resembles which of the following techniques: a) the Premach Principle b) Overcorrection c) Neg Reinforcement d) Response cost

Studies using the dismantling strategy are noted.

Studies using the dismantling strategy suggest which of the following is most responsible for the therapeutic benefits of systematic desensitization: a) Counterconditioning b) Extinction c) Positive reinforcement d) Stimulus Discrimination

Behavioral techniques for agoraphobia are mentioned.

Research assessing the effectiveness of behavioral techniques for agoraphobia have geneerally shown that vito exposure is more effective than exposure in imagination and that: a) many brief exposures are more effective than fewer exposures of a longer duration b) a highly anxiety provocation is necessary for extinction of the phobic response c) exposure is enhanced when it is combined with treatments that address panic directly d) exposure is more effective when it is accompanied by insight-inducing techniques