The Heart

If 2 L of blood were injected into a normal human body, what influence would this injection have on blood pressure, cardiac output, preload, and afterload? Please elaborate.

Diagram of a loop of Henle and collecting duct

Create a diagram to show the arrangements of a loop of Henle and collecting duct. On the diagram: a) give the normal average osmolality at the top of the descending limb of the loop of Henle, at the bend of the loop, and at the distal end of the collecting duct. b) use arrowsto show the movement of water, sodium and urea as the filtrate moves through these regions of the nephron.

Flow diagram to illustrate the reflex pathway

Create a flow diagram to illustrate the reflex pathway by which atrial natriuretic factor helps regulate blood volume following an increase in blood volume. Thanks.

Resting membrane potential

Explain how the axonal membrane potential is restored following action potential depolarization. Describe how resting ionic distributions are maintained.

Action potentials

What factors determine if action potentials will be generated by a postsynaptics neuron that receives both excitatory and inhibitory input?