Digestive System Disorders

Digestive System Disorders 6. A. Name the common electrolytes lost because of diarrhea. 6. B. State the major effect on the body of sodium loss and of potassium loss. 6. C. State and explain what arterial blood gas levels may be expected in the presence of severe vomiting. 8. Explain several ways in which severe stress can affect the digestive tract. 11. Explain why hiatal hernia is aggravated by: a. intake of a large meal b. lying down after a meal 12. A. Explain several mechanisms by which intestinal infection can cause diarrhea. 12. B. Explain how fluid balance and acid-base balance are altered by diarrhea. 13. A. Explain why peptic ulcers often... click for more

Respiratory Disorders

9. A, Explain the significance and limitations of a positive tuberculin test. 9. B. Explain the conditions under which tuberculosis may be contagious. 9. C. What measures can be taken by health professionals to minimize the spread of infection. 10. A. Explain how obstruction develops with chronic bronchitis. 10. B. Explain how acute asthma causes air trapping or atelectasis. 10. C. How does hypoxia and respiratory alkalosis develop in the early stages of an asthma attack? 10. D. Explain why serum pH is lowered when an asthma attack persists. 11. A. Explain why the anteroposterior diameter of the chest is increased in a patient with emphysema. 1... click for more

Acute Kidney Failure

Mr. E develops acute kidney failure because of severe bilateral kidney infection. What will be the effects on fluid balance, electrolyte and acid-base balance? What is the effectiveness of compensatory mechanisms?

Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Imbalances

Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Imbalances 9. Describe the signs and symptoms of hypocalcemia. 10. Describe how a deficit of vitamin D would affect: a. Bones b. Serum Calcium Level 11. Explain hypochloremia affects acid-base balance. 14. State three possible causes of metabolic acidosis. 15. A diabetic client is producing excess amounts of ketoacids. a. Describe the effects of this excess on serum bicarbonate levels and serum pH. b. Explain the possible compensations for this imbalance.

Urinary System Disorders

Urinary System Disorders 4. Compare the signs of cystitis and pyelonephritis. 5. Compare the causes and pathophysiology of acute pyelonephritis, APSGN, and nephritic syndrome. 7. Compare the pathophysiology of acute and chronic renal failure. 11. Why is protein intake restricted to patients with kidney disease? 13. Why would a child’s growth and development be affected by chronic nephrosis and renal failure? 14. Differentiate the causes of frequent voiding associated with cystitis and with renal insufficiency. 15. Differentiate the causes of urinary retention and anuria.