Chemical-Reaction Equilibria: Molar Ratio Calculations

Please see the attached file for the fully formatted problem(s). Hydrogen gas is produced by the reaction of steam with “water gas,” an equimolar mixture of H2 and CO obtained by the reaction of steam with coal. A stream of "water gas” mixed with steam is passed over a catalyst to convert CO to CO2 by the reaction: H2O(g) + CO(g) —> H2(g) + CO2(g) Subsequently, unreacted water is condensed and carbon dioxide is absorbed, leaving a product that is mostly hydrogen. The equilibrium conditions are I bar and 800 K. (a) Would there be any advantage to carrying out the reaction at pressures above 1 bar? (b) Would increasing the equilibrium temperature increase the conversion of CO? (c) For ... click for more

Chemical Equilibria: Feed Composition and Molar Ratios

“Synthesis gas” may be produced by the catalytic reforming of methane with steam: CH4(g) + H2O(g) —> CO(g) + 3H2(g) The only other reaction considered is: CO(g) + H2O(g) —> CO2(g) + H2(g) Assume equilibrium is attained for both reactions at I bar and 1300 K. (1) Would it he better to carry out the reaction at pressures above 1 bar? (b) Would it he better to carry out the reaction at temperatures below 1300 K? (c) Estimate the molar ratio of hydrogen to carbon monoxide in the synthesis gas if the feed consists of an equimolar mixture of steam and methane. (d) Repeat part (c) for a steam to methane mole ratio in the feed of 2. (e) How could the feed composition be altered to yield a l... click for more

Heat of Reaction - Enthalpy from Heats of Formation

Calculate the heat of reaction at the standard reference state for the following reactions: 2CaO(s) + 2MgO(s) + 4H2O(l) ----> 2Ca(OH)2(s) + 2Mg(OH)2(s) NaCl(s) + 2SO2(g) + 2H2O(l) + O2(g) ----> 2Na2SO4(s) + 4HCl(g) n-C4H10(g) ----> C2H4(g) + C2H6(g)

Thermodynamic Work of a Liquid in Equilibrium with its Vapor

Please explain to me how this statement is true (or not, as the case may be!): "If we have a liquid in equilibrium with its vapor, the chemical potential of the species must be the same everywhere, and no work is needed in removing a molecule from the bulk region to the surface region" I am trying to contrast this statement with the true situation that it does require work to move a molecule from the bulk to the surface region, as doing so increases the surface area and therefore the surface energy of the system. Please be as detailed as possible in your response, using thermodynamic arguments and explaining fully what is meant by the term "work".

Steam Cycles: Two Stage Turbine and Cycle Efficiency

Steam is supplied to a two-stage turbine at 40 bar and 350°C. It expands in the first turbine until it is dry saturated, then it is reheated to 350°C and expanded through the second-stage turbine. The condenser pressure is 0.035 bar. Calculate the work output and the heat supplied per kg steam for the plant assuming ideal processes. Calculate also the cycle efficiency.