The differences between a two chambered heart and a four chambered heart.

Explain the differences in respect to the organization and the circulatory pattern between the relatively simple two-chambered heart to the more complicated four chambered heart.

Mudpuppies and their three-chambered hearts in low oxygen water.

Briefly explain the route taken by blood in a mudpuppy as it leaves the ventricle and goes to the cells when the animal swims in low oxygen water.

The transportation of carbon dioxide in blood.

What is the main form in which carbon dioxide is transported in the blood?

Comparative Anatomy - Snake Integument and Salamander Cranial Skeleton

a. During early development, a snake embryo was exposed to a toxin that interferes with normal migration and differentiation of mesoderm. Name the major structures of the integument most affected by this exposure and how each structure is affected. b. What would be the effect of this type of exposure on the cranial skeleton of a salamander?

NEURONS - PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX

The brain of the Californian Sea-Lion: Two neurons, neurons 1 and 2, have cell bodies which are located in the primary motor cortex. Neuron 1 synapses onto neurons in the spinal cord and neuron 2 synapses onto neurons within the same area in the primary motor cortex. 1. Based on their function how would these neurons be classified? 2. What type of cortical neurons would they most likely be? 3. Would you expect to find any oligodendrocytes alongside these neurons in the primary motor cortex?