Mannitol on urine volume.

Mannitol is a sugar that is filtered but not reabsorbed by the kidneys. What effect would drinking a solution of mannitol have on the volume of urine produced?

Diarrhea

While visiting a foreign country, you inadvertently drink the water, even though you have been advised not to. You contact an intestinal disease that causes severe diarrhea. How would you expect your condition to affect your blood pH, urine pH and pattern of ventilation?

Chemical and physiological buffer systems

Compare and contrast the chemical and physiological buffer systems. Why are there two systems? How do they work in conjunction to maintain homeostasis? Be detailed.

Kidney Filtration

Describe the three pressures involved in the process of filtration. Give a brief description of what would occur if a kidney stone was present. Which of the three pressures would increase? How would this effect filtration? Please do not copy and paste from a website. Be detailed.

The kidney and blood loss

You have just been in an accident and experienced substantial blood loss. What autoregulatory mechanisms in the kidney will be initiated to maintain filtration pressure? If blood loss occurs, what further mechanisms are used to maintain pressure? Please be detailed and do not copy and paste from a website.