MARS

What principles would I need to use to determine the relative age of an area on the surface of Mars? What would the effect from cosmic-ray radiation have on an astronaut?

URANIUS PATERA

Would you describe Uranius Patera as a volcanic or crater feature? It seems to have both qualities.

MARS - RELATIVE AGES of areas

Would you consider the relative age of Area A to be more than the relative age of Area B? See attached files for full problem description.

Differentiation of problems and the Planck function

Please see attached, the first question i think i understand but want to confirm, the second i am getting confused over, please can you help me understand the calulus (product/chain rule) in the differentiation of the Planck function. I am not familiar to the Labert W function, and from my text books there is no mention of it, therefore i can only assume that this problem can be differentiated without it.

How did Galileo's observations show that the Earth center theory

How did Galileo's observations show that the Earth center theory (Ptolemaic) was wrong?