This outline provides the main reasons that lead to the American Civil War. - What were the causes of the American Civil War?

Mixed Energy Photon Beam - A collimated gamma ray beam consists of equal numbers of 0.1 MeV and 1.0 MeV photons. If the beam enters a 15 cm thick concrete shield, what is the relative portion of 1 MeV photons to 0.1 MeV photons in the emergent beam?

Gamma Flux and Absorption - A collimated beam of 200 keV gamma radiation delivers an incident energy flux of 2 J m^-2 s^-1 to a lead shield 1 g cm^-2 thick. a. What is the incident photon flux in photons cm^-2 s^-1? b. What is the rate of energy absorption in the shield in both erg g^-1 s^-1, J kg^-1 s^-1 and Gy s^-1

Neutron Absorption - What thickness of cadmium is required to absorb 50% of an incident beam of thermal neutrons? Given: σ_capture = 2550 barns, ρ=8.65 g cm^-3, MW=112.4.

energy and momentum of photon - An electron moving at a speed of 0.60c collides head on with a positron of speed at 0.60c. Determine the energy andmomentum of each photom produced in the process.