Reflex Arcs

You accidentally step on a sharp piece of metal with your bare foot. Trace the reflex arcs set in motion by this accident. Name the reflex types. How do you remain standing when you pick up one foot? Be specific.

Smell receptors

You are invited to go sailing while on vacation at the ocean. When you first step on the boat, the smell of sea water is strong and you feel the motion of the water beneath your feet. After a few minutes, the smell fades and you no longer notice it, but the rolling motion of the boat remains and within an hour you begin to feel sick to your stomach. What types of receptors are involved in smell and detection of motion? Why did the sensation of the smell fade but not the rolling sensation? Why do you feel sick to your stomach while on the sailboat?

nervous system

You decide to try smoking because all of your cool friends smoke and say they really like it. After smoking a few cigarettes you start to feel nervous and edgy, your muscles feel twitchy and your hands are shaking. What has happened to your nervous system? Why? Be Specific.

sympathetic/parasympathetic responses

Why are the effects of the sympathetic system longer-lasting then the parasympathetic response and why can hypertension be a side effect of a prolonged sympathetic response? Be specific.

pacemaker

If the pacemaker of the heart generates it's own beat, why is the sympathetic and parasympathetic attached to the pacemaker? How and why would the sympathetic and parasympathetic responses be called upon? What regulates this mechanism? Be very specific.